{"schemaVersion":"1.0","revision":"fa961ab24277a91737c3","article":{"id":"scwiki-h10","topicId":"scwiki-topic-h10","code":"H10","slug":"quantum-spin-liquids","title":"Quantum spin liquids and superconductivity: models and evidence","summary":"Compare solvable spin models with organic, kagome and Kitaev-material experiments, while separating candidate signatures, neutral excitations and charged superconducting order.","aliases":["quantum spin liquid","QSL","Kitaev spin liquid","herbertsmithite","自旋液体","量子自旋液体"],"evidenceTypes":["experiment","theory","hypothesis"],"relatedCodes":["B9","B14","D10","G7"],"editorialStatus":"scoped-check","contentState":"pilot","modifiedAt":"2026-10-18T17:32:52.513035+00:00","review":{"checkedAt":"2026-10-19","scope":"Kitaev final selected phase/edge passages, Kitaev-Preskill author entropy equations, Shimizu NMR methods/figures, Han neutron methods/figures, Xing selected transport results/methods and Shragai selected ultrasound comparisons; inherited B9 scopes.","limitations":["Complete scientific acceptance remains open.","Complete primary final-version/supplement/raw-data, disorder and thermal-calibration audits remain open.","Kurosaki,Anderson,Vaknin and Han2016 retain abstract-level limits.","Independent models do not establish a material ground state, full topological classification or superconductivity."]},"provenance":{"repository":"JackZH26/jzis-superconductivity","commit":"0a7c9d6696804ec26aa12f8eed68b55c9b3c0fcf","path":"H_anomalous_normal_state/H10_spin_liquid.md","sha256":"27bd58e1a03a8a66f696e36ddafe920be685805b75e96b260aa585e231c725c8","sourceId":"file-cd678b6bdf568e37"},"sourceMap":[{"startLine":1,"endLine":647,"targetSections":["scope","mathematical-assumptions","experimental-criteria","limits-and-disputes","discovery-implications","related-topics"],"decision":"edited-with-scoped-evidence","note":"Preserve model/material/superconductivity routes; correct phase labels, paramagnet and symmetry/entropy overstatements; remove unsupported universal detection bounds; update thermal Hall evidence through selected2025/2026 studies."}],"corrections":[{"id":"scwiki-h10-correction-1","description":"Kitaev isotropic gapless region is B; dominant-coupling gapped regions are A. Pauli versus spin couplings differ by four. A generic finite-field Hamiltonian is not claimed exactly solvable.","sourceId":"source-779d3cdcbcd5a620","scope":"Correct reversed pinned phase labels and restrict perturbative magnetic-field statement."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-correction-2","description":"Absence of order or a continuum alone is insufficient; gapped2D entropy formula is not universal to gapless phases; thermal transport is not superconductivity.","sourceId":"source-4619c72961e466c5","scope":"Remove universal symmetry/entropy/experimental-proof claims; preserve finite-field and candidate limits."}],"equationChecks":[{"targetSectionId":"mathematical-assumptions","tex":"\\kappa_{xy}^{2D}/T=c_-\\pi^2k_B^2/(3h)","check":"12 zero local moments and dimer correlations;4 explicit gapless B roots,3 gapped A examples and boundary closure;3 Pauli/spin normalizations;positive-energy Majorana integral;2 equal-entropy distinct anyon examples. No bulk proof or experimental fit."}],"references":[{"id":"source-779d3cdcbcd5a620","doi":"10.1016/j.aop.2005.10.005","title":"Anyons in an exactly solved model and beyond","year":2006,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2005.10.005","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"selected-final-phase-and-edge-check","checkedAt":"2026-10-19","evidenceUrl":"https://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~coleman/603/texts/kitaev_annals.pdf","note":"Final PDFpp18–19(printed19–20) dispersion/phase labels,PDFp25(printed26) third-order field approximation andPDFpp27–28(printed28–29) Chern/edge passages read. PDFpp19/28 visually checked. B is gapless at isotropy; A regions gapped. Complete110-page argument not read. General field not claimed exactly solvable."}},{"id":"source-4619c72961e466c5","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.110404","title":"Topological Entanglement Entropy","year":2006,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.110404","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"selected-author-entropy-equations","checkedAt":"2026-10-19","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0510092v1","note":"Authorv1,11October2005,pp1–2 read: gapped2D medium,large smooth region versus correlation length, gamma=log total quantum dimension, boundary-subtraction construction. Final comparison/full TQFT derivation not completed."}},{"id":"source-5a6026d6455bf7a0","doi":"10.1126/science.235.4793.1196","title":"The Resonating Valence Bond State in La2CuO4 and Superconductivity","year":1987,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4793.1196","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"indexed-primary-abstract-scoped-check","checkedAt":"2026-10-18","evidenceUrl":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17818979/","note":"Original abstract at PubMed: historical proposal, not a confirmed parent-state diagnosis. Publisher endpoint unavailable; full text not checked."}},{"id":"source-9d15cd9236072f5c","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.107001","title":"Spin Liquid State in an Organic Mott Insulator with a Triangular Lattice","year":2003,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.107001","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"selected-author-NMR-methods-and-spectra","checkedAt":"2026-10-19","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0307483v1","note":"Authorv1,19July2003; selected pp1–3 read;p2Figures2/3 andmethods visually checked. Single crystal76microgram,32mK–36K,2.2T perpendicular planes;polycrystal NMR3.9T; susceptibility0.32T. Exchange250K fromseries-fit susceptibility,notTc. No exactT=0/zero-field proof or final/raw audit."}},{"id":"source-0443485ac20d3a8c","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.177001","title":"Mott Transition from a Spin Liquid to a Fermi Liquid in the Spin-Frustrated Organic Conductor kappa-(ET)2Cu2(CN)3","year":2005,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.177001","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"publisher-abstract-scoped-check","checkedAt":"2026-10-18","evidenceUrl":"https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.177001","note":"Pressure NMR/resistivity phase diagram and neighboring superconductivity; no causal RVB mechanism established. Full data not reviewed."}},{"id":"source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-37491-z","title":"Chasing the spin gap through the phase diagram of a frustrated Mott insulator","year":2023,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37491-z","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"published-primary-passages-scoped-check","checkedAt":"2026-10-18","evidenceUrl":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-37491-z.pdf","note":"Published pp.1–5 selected results,discussion,methods and data analysis; Fig4/discussion visually checked. Substrate strain and inferred hydrostatic-equivalent pressure, VBS interpretation with gapped chiral QSL not excluded, mounting microcracks retained. Raw-data audit pending."}},{"id":"source-43fba6076983bec0","doi":"10.1038/nature11659","title":"Fractionalized excitations in the spin-liquid state of a kagome-lattice antiferromagnet","year":2012,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11659","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"selected-author-neutron-methods-and-figure-check","checkedAt":"2026-10-19","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.5047v1","note":"Author upload18July2013 after2012journal. Selected pp2–6 read; p11Figures3/4 visually checked. Deuterated ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2 single crystal,MACS,1.6K; final energies5.1/3.0meV,resolution HWHM0.21/0.08meV. Low-energy interlayer impurities can mask intrinsic gap; no full background/raw-data audit."}},{"id":"source-7a6863ba09a1c037","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevB.94.060409","title":"Correlated impurities and intrinsic spin-liquid physics in the kagome material herbertsmithite","year":2016,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.060409","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"publisher-abstract-check","checkedAt":"2026-10-19","evidenceUrl":"https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.060409","note":"Original abstract checked: low-energy interlayer impurity correlations in deuterated herbertsmithite. Full neutron decomposition not reviewed; no new exact intrinsic gap extracted."}},{"id":"source-f089ec733f27462c","doi":"10.1038/s41535-025-00749-4","title":"Magnetothermal transport in ultraclean single crystals of Kitaev magnet alpha-RuCl3","year":2025,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41535-025-00749-4","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"selected-author-transport-results-and-methods","checkedAt":"2026-10-19","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/html/2410.18342v2","note":"Authorv2,29March2025; publisher28March2025. Selected HTML results,Figure4caption andmethods read: q||b,fieldalong a,5.0Ksample versus4.3Kcomparison,plateau narrower,steady-state transport,two-stepCVT/sublimation. Same-sample orthogonal transport still desired. No Figure4visual/raw-data audit; rendering date notpublication."}},{"id":"source-4a3e383e4c71604e","doi":"10.1038/s41586-026-10420-y","title":"Phonon Hall viscosity and the intrinsic thermal Hall effect of alpha-RuCl3","year":2026,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10420-y","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"selected-author-ultrasound-and-comparison-check","checkedAt":"2026-10-19","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.06443v2","note":"Authorv2,9May2026; Nature652,1166–1172. Selected pp5–7,9–13 read;p12visually checked.2K ultrasound B||c and55degree tilt; frequency-dependent viscosity; single-branch estimate withinfactor6, otherbranches/tensor terms inferred. Figure5b compares2K55degree ultrasound with4.9K45degree literature Hall. Full final/supplement/calibration comparison remains open."}},{"id":"source-9dda11fbf0c41f73","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2802","title":"Antiferromagnetism in La2CuO4-y","year":1987,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2802","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"publisher-abstract-scoped-check","checkedAt":"2026-10-18","evidenceUrl":"https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2802","note":"Powder neutron magnetic superlattice evidence for antiferromagnetism in undoped parent. Abstract only; full refinement not checked."}},{"id":"source-2f6a1c773323226a","doi":"10.1103/RevModPhys.78.17","title":"Doping a Mott insulator: Physics of high-temperature superconductivity","year":2006,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.17","publicationStatus":"journal-article","verification":{"scope":"earlier-author-manuscript-selected-passages-check","checkedAt":"2026-10-18","evidenceUrl":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0410445v1","note":"Selected manuscript pp.27–28 projected Hilbert space and constraint, p.33 Gaussian response and experimental mismatch, p.45 representation versus emergent gauge group. Page33 equations visually inspected. Full final-version comparison pending."}}],"materialCases":[{"id":"scwiki-h10-material-1","recordType":"experiment","formula":"RuCl3","sample":"Xing two-step-grown alpha-RuCl3 crystal; heat current b,field a","tcK":null,"reportedTemperatureK":5,"temperatureKind":"measurement","temperatureNote":"5K thermal Hall measurement temperature, not superconducting Tc or magnetic TN.","pressureRegime":"ambient","pressureGPa":null,"equilibrium":"unknown","criterion":"thermal-hall-measurement","probe":"Steady-state thermal transport","sourceId":"source-f089ec733f27462c","aliases":["alpha-RuCl3","RuCl3","ruthenium trichloride"]}],"claims":[{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-scope-1","sectionId":"scope","statement":"A quantum spin liquid is a quantum magnetic state with correlations and excitations beyond a conventional ordered magnet. Absence of static magnetic order alone is not a definition that identifies it experimentally: a trivial singlet state, disorder or a finite measurement window can also suppress the expected signal. Candidate materials require positive evidence and tests of alternatives. Chiral spin liquids can break time-reversal symmetry, so preserving every conventional symmetry is not a universal requirement.","evidenceType":"hypothesis","sourceIds":["source-779d3cdcbcd5a620","source-4619c72961e466c5","source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-scope-2","sectionId":"scope","statement":"The connection to superconductivity is a research route, not an automatic consequence. Anderson's RVB proposal motivates doping a correlated singlet state, but undoped La2CuO4 has antiferromagnetic order. A spin-only Hamiltonian has no mobile electrical charge or superconducting stiffness. Emergent neutral Majorana fermions in such a model do not make its material a topological superconductor. A specific charge sector and gauge-invariant superconducting response must be established separately.","evidenceType":"hypothesis","sourceIds":["source-779d3cdcbcd5a620","source-5a6026d6455bf7a0","source-9dda11fbf0c41f73","source-2f6a1c773323226a"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-mathematical-assumptions-1","sectionId":"mathematical-assumptions","statement":"An explicit counterexample clarifies the diagnostic problem. A product of disconnected spin singlets has $\\langle\\mathbf S_i\\rangle=0$ and vanishing correlations between different dimers, yet is not thereby a long-range-entangled spin liquid. For two spin-one-half singlets, direct matrix evaluation gives $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_2\\rangle=-3/4$ and $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_3\\rangle=0$. These finite-state checks disprove the inference from zero local moments alone; they do not classify an interacting bulk material.","evidenceType":"theory","sourceIds":["source-4619c72961e466c5","source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-mathematical-assumptions-2","sectionId":"mathematical-assumptions","statement":"Use the honeycomb convention $H=-\\sum_{\\langle ij\\rangle_\\alpha}J_\\alpha\\sigma_i^\\alpha\\sigma_j^\\alpha$, with Pauli matrices $\\sigma=2S$. A Hamiltonian written with spin operators requires couplings $K_\\alpha=4J_\\alpha$ for the same energy. The vortex-free zero-field matter spectrum has zeros when the three $|J_\\alpha|$ satisfy triangle inequalities. Kitaev calls this the gapless B region, including isotropy; the dominant-coupling A regions are gapped. The source draft had these labels reversed.","evidenceType":"theory","sourceIds":["source-779d3cdcbcd5a620"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-mathematical-assumptions-3","sectionId":"mathematical-assumptions","statement":"Near isotropy, a weak field with all three spin-axis components nonzero generates a time-reversal-breaking term scaling as $h_xh_yh_z/J^2$ at third order. This perturbative result is not exact solvability at arbitrary field. For an ideal equilibrated chiral Majorana edge above a gapped bulk, $\\kappa_{xy}^{2D}/T=c_-\\pi^2k_B^2/(3h)$ with $c_-=\\pm1/2$. This is thermal conductance per layer, not three-dimensional conductivity or electrical Hall conductance. Independent checks verify the phase-boundary algebra, spin normalization and positive-energy thermal integral.","evidenceType":"theory","sourceIds":["source-779d3cdcbcd5a620"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-mathematical-assumptions-4","sectionId":"mathematical-assumptions","statement":"For a gapped two-dimensional topologically ordered ground state and a sufficiently large smooth region, $S=\\alpha L-\\gamma+\\cdots$ with $\\gamma=\\ln\\mathcal D$ and $\\mathcal D=\\sqrt{\\sum_a d_a^2}$. The Abelian Z2 example gives $\\gamma=\\ln2$. This expression is not a universal entropy formula for every gapless spin liquid, and a single entropy constant does not fully specify anyon statistics. Finite geometry, boundaries and correlation length matter before identifying a universal term.","evidenceType":"theory","sourceIds":["source-4619c72961e466c5"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-1","sectionId":"experimental-criteria","statement":"Shimizu's organic candidate kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3 shows no proton-NMR signature of long-range magnetic order down to 32 mK. The single-crystal experiment applied 2.2 T perpendicular to the conducting planes; the susceptibility-derived exchange scale around 250 K came from a separate fit. Neither number is a superconducting transition temperature, and the experiment does not directly observe the zero-field, zero-temperature ground state. Kurosaki's pressure phase diagram separately connects the correlated insulator with metallic and superconducting regions; it does not identify a unique pairing mechanism.","evidenceType":"experiment","sourceIds":["source-9d15cd9236072f5c","source-0443485ac20d3a8c"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-2","sectionId":"experimental-criteria","statement":"Pustogow's 2023 strain-transport study instead favors a low-entropy, spin-gapped valence-bond-solid interpretation of the organic material's 6 K anomaly. Its hydrostatic-equivalent pressure is inferred from comparison with transport data, rather than directly applied hydrostatic pressure. The paper retains a gapped chiral-spin-liquid alternative and discusses mounting-related microcracks. Thus a revised interpretation must preserve both the measured anomaly and the remaining discrimination problem.","evidenceType":"experiment","sourceIds":["source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-3","sectionId":"experimental-criteria","statement":"Han's neutron study used deuterated herbertsmithite, ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2, at 1.6 K. Broad momentum-energy scattering supports the authors' fractionalization interpretation, but the measured low-energy signal can include interlayer Cu defects. The apparent absence of a gap down to the measured energy limit does not establish a universally gapless intrinsic kagome state. A later primary study explicitly analyzes correlated impurity contributions. Preserve isotope, background subtraction, resolution and momentum window before comparing these results with a theoretical continuum.","evidenceType":"experiment","sourceIds":["source-43fba6076983bec0","source-7a6863ba09a1c037"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-4","sectionId":"experimental-criteria","statement":"In alpha-RuCl3, zero-field magnetic order and candidate field-induced behavior must be separated. Xing's 2025 ultraclean-crystal study reports a narrower near-half-quantized thermal Hall plateau and weakened oscillation-like features. It discusses sample-dependent magnetic boundaries, possible stacking faults and phonon-edge coupling. The 5.0 K Hall measurement used heat current along b and field along a; the comparison crystal was measured at 4.3 K. These are not identical conditions or a universal material threshold.","evidenceType":"experiment","sourceIds":["source-f089ec733f27462c"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-5","sectionId":"experimental-criteria","statement":"Shragai's 2026 ultrasound study measures acoustic Faraday rotation and infers a phonon Hall-viscosity contribution. Its conversion to thermal transport requires assumptions about frequency, phonon branches and viscosity components; the directly measured single-component estimate does not independently measure every thermal carrier. One displayed comparison also combines 2 K, 55-degree-tilted ultrasound with 4.9 K, 45-degree-tilted thermal data. This supplies substantive phonon evidence without making every field geometry or claimed quantized plateau equivalent.","evidenceType":"experiment","sourceIds":["source-4a3e383e4c71604e"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-limits-and-disputes-1","sectionId":"limits-and-disputes","statement":"A continuum, a low-temperature heat-capacity term, absent NMR splitting and a thermal Hall signal test different observables. Their interpretation depends on defects, phonons, magnetic order, probe time scales and sample history. Do not turn one positive signal into a sufficient spin-liquid criterion, or one disputed material interpretation into a claim about every possible quantum spin liquid. Broad statements that all materials are settled or that none can ever be established would exceed this review.","evidenceType":"hypothesis","sourceIds":["source-9d15cd9236072f5c","source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b","source-43fba6076983bec0","source-f089ec733f27462c","source-4a3e383e4c71604e"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-limits-and-disputes-2","sectionId":"limits-and-disputes","statement":"Complete scientific acceptance remains open. The present check covers selected primary passages, figures and restricted independent models. Several references retain abstract-only or earlier manuscript scopes; complete final-version comparisons, defect subtraction, thermal calibration and raw-data reproduction remain unfinished. The exact-model results and experimental interpretations are therefore presented at different evidence levels.","evidenceType":"hypothesis","sourceIds":["source-779d3cdcbcd5a620","source-4619c72961e466c5","source-9d15cd9236072f5c","source-0443485ac20d3a8c","source-43fba6076983bec0","source-7a6863ba09a1c037","source-f089ec733f27462c","source-4a3e383e4c71604e"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."},{"id":"scwiki-h10-claim-discovery-implications-1","sectionId":"discovery-implications","statement":"Track the insulating magnetic state, tuning parameter and superconducting response independently. For a pressure or doping trajectory, distinguish structural changes and disorder from changed bandwidth or filling. Compare several probes on characterized samples and ask what would exclude a trivial singlet, ordered or disordered alternative. A successful spin-liquid model provides testable mechanisms and excitations; establishing superconductivity additionally requires mobile charge, phase coherence and the corresponding experimental criteria.","evidenceType":"hypothesis","sourceIds":["source-0443485ac20d3a8c","source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b","source-9dda11fbf0c41f73","source-2f6a1c773323226a"],"conditions":"Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.","verificationScope":"Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open."}],"body":"## Scope\n\nA quantum spin liquid is a quantum magnetic state with correlations and excitations beyond a conventional ordered magnet. Absence of static magnetic order alone is not a definition that identifies it experimentally: a trivial singlet state, disorder or a finite measurement window can also suppress the expected signal. Candidate materials require positive evidence and tests of alternatives. Chiral spin liquids can break time-reversal symmetry, so preserving every conventional symmetry is not a universal requirement. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620) [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b)\n\nThe connection to superconductivity is a research route, not an automatic consequence. Anderson's RVB proposal motivates doping a correlated singlet state, but undoped La2CuO4 has antiferromagnetic order. A spin-only Hamiltonian has no mobile electrical charge or superconducting stiffness. Emergent neutral Majorana fermions in such a model do not make its material a topological superconductor. A specific charge sector and gauge-invariant superconducting response must be established separately. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620) [R3](#ref-source-5a6026d6455bf7a0) [R11](#ref-source-9dda11fbf0c41f73) [R12](#ref-source-2f6a1c773323226a)\n\n## Mathematical assumptions\n\nAn explicit counterexample clarifies the diagnostic problem. A product of disconnected spin singlets has $\\langle\\mathbf S_i\\rangle=0$ and vanishing correlations between different dimers, yet is not thereby a long-range-entangled spin liquid. For two spin-one-half singlets, direct matrix evaluation gives $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_2\\rangle=-3/4$ and $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_3\\rangle=0$. These finite-state checks disprove the inference from zero local moments alone; they do not classify an interacting bulk material. [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b)\n\nUse the honeycomb convention $H=-\\sum_{\\langle ij\\rangle_\\alpha}J_\\alpha\\sigma_i^\\alpha\\sigma_j^\\alpha$, with Pauli matrices $\\sigma=2S$. A Hamiltonian written with spin operators requires couplings $K_\\alpha=4J_\\alpha$ for the same energy. The vortex-free zero-field matter spectrum has zeros when the three $|J_\\alpha|$ satisfy triangle inequalities. Kitaev calls this the gapless B region, including isotropy; the dominant-coupling A regions are gapped. The source draft had these labels reversed. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620)\n\nNear isotropy, a weak field with all three spin-axis components nonzero generates a time-reversal-breaking term scaling as $h_xh_yh_z/J^2$ at third order. This perturbative result is not exact solvability at arbitrary field. For an ideal equilibrated chiral Majorana edge above a gapped bulk, $\\kappa_{xy}^{2D}/T=c_-\\pi^2k_B^2/(3h)$ with $c_-=\\pm1/2$. This is thermal conductance per layer, not three-dimensional conductivity or electrical Hall conductance. Independent checks verify the phase-boundary algebra, spin normalization and positive-energy thermal integral. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620)\n\nFor a gapped two-dimensional topologically ordered ground state and a sufficiently large smooth region, $S=\\alpha L-\\gamma+\\cdots$ with $\\gamma=\\ln\\mathcal D$ and $\\mathcal D=\\sqrt{\\sum_a d_a^2}$. The Abelian Z2 example gives $\\gamma=\\ln2$. This expression is not a universal entropy formula for every gapless spin liquid, and a single entropy constant does not fully specify anyon statistics. Finite geometry, boundaries and correlation length matter before identifying a universal term. [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5)\n\n## Experimental criteria\n\nShimizu's organic candidate kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3 shows no proton-NMR signature of long-range magnetic order down to 32 mK. The single-crystal experiment applied 2.2 T perpendicular to the conducting planes; the susceptibility-derived exchange scale around 250 K came from a separate fit. Neither number is a superconducting transition temperature, and the experiment does not directly observe the zero-field, zero-temperature ground state. Kurosaki's pressure phase diagram separately connects the correlated insulator with metallic and superconducting regions; it does not identify a unique pairing mechanism. [R4](#ref-source-9d15cd9236072f5c) [R5](#ref-source-0443485ac20d3a8c)\n\nPustogow's 2023 strain-transport study instead favors a low-entropy, spin-gapped valence-bond-solid interpretation of the organic material's 6 K anomaly. Its hydrostatic-equivalent pressure is inferred from comparison with transport data, rather than directly applied hydrostatic pressure. The paper retains a gapped chiral-spin-liquid alternative and discusses mounting-related microcracks. Thus a revised interpretation must preserve both the measured anomaly and the remaining discrimination problem. [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b)\n\nHan's neutron study used deuterated herbertsmithite, ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2, at 1.6 K. Broad momentum-energy scattering supports the authors' fractionalization interpretation, but the measured low-energy signal can include interlayer Cu defects. The apparent absence of a gap down to the measured energy limit does not establish a universally gapless intrinsic kagome state. A later primary study explicitly analyzes correlated impurity contributions. Preserve isotope, background subtraction, resolution and momentum window before comparing these results with a theoretical continuum. [R7](#ref-source-43fba6076983bec0) [R8](#ref-source-7a6863ba09a1c037)\n\nIn alpha-RuCl3, zero-field magnetic order and candidate field-induced behavior must be separated. Xing's 2025 ultraclean-crystal study reports a narrower near-half-quantized thermal Hall plateau and weakened oscillation-like features. It discusses sample-dependent magnetic boundaries, possible stacking faults and phonon-edge coupling. The 5.0 K Hall measurement used heat current along b and field along a; the comparison crystal was measured at 4.3 K. These are not identical conditions or a universal material threshold. [R9](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c)\n\nShragai's 2026 ultrasound study measures acoustic Faraday rotation and infers a phonon Hall-viscosity contribution. Its conversion to thermal transport requires assumptions about frequency, phonon branches and viscosity components; the directly measured single-component estimate does not independently measure every thermal carrier. One displayed comparison also combines 2 K, 55-degree-tilted ultrasound with 4.9 K, 45-degree-tilted thermal data. This supplies substantive phonon evidence without making every field geometry or claimed quantized plateau equivalent. [R10](#ref-source-4a3e383e4c71604e)\n\n## Limits and disputes\n\nA continuum, a low-temperature heat-capacity term, absent NMR splitting and a thermal Hall signal test different observables. Their interpretation depends on defects, phonons, magnetic order, probe time scales and sample history. Do not turn one positive signal into a sufficient spin-liquid criterion, or one disputed material interpretation into a claim about every possible quantum spin liquid. Broad statements that all materials are settled or that none can ever be established would exceed this review. [R4](#ref-source-9d15cd9236072f5c) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b) [R7](#ref-source-43fba6076983bec0) [R9](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c) [R10](#ref-source-4a3e383e4c71604e)\n\nComplete scientific acceptance remains open. The present check covers selected primary passages, figures and restricted independent models. Several references retain abstract-only or earlier manuscript scopes; complete final-version comparisons, defect subtraction, thermal calibration and raw-data reproduction remain unfinished. The exact-model results and experimental interpretations are therefore presented at different evidence levels. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620) [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5) [R4](#ref-source-9d15cd9236072f5c) [R5](#ref-source-0443485ac20d3a8c) [R7](#ref-source-43fba6076983bec0) [R8](#ref-source-7a6863ba09a1c037) [R9](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c) [R10](#ref-source-4a3e383e4c71604e)\n\n## Discovery implications\n\nTrack the insulating magnetic state, tuning parameter and superconducting response independently. For a pressure or doping trajectory, distinguish structural changes and disorder from changed bandwidth or filling. Compare several probes on characterized samples and ask what would exclude a trivial singlet, ordered or disordered alternative. A successful spin-liquid model provides testable mechanisms and excitations; establishing superconductivity additionally requires mobile charge, phase coherence and the corresponding experimental criteria. [R5](#ref-source-0443485ac20d3a8c) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b) [R11](#ref-source-9dda11fbf0c41f73) [R12](#ref-source-2f6a1c773323226a)\n\n## Related topics\n\n[Spin-liquid routes to superconductivity](/scwiki/spin-liquids-and-superconductivity), [RVB pairing](/scwiki/rvb-and-doped-mott-insulators), [Organic superconductors](/scwiki/organic-charge-transfer-superconductors), and [Mottness](/scwiki/mottness-and-superconductivity).","revision":"5e8fe8acc078f78e51af","sections":[{"id":"scope","title":"Scope","markdown":"## Scope\n\nA quantum spin liquid is a quantum magnetic state with correlations and excitations beyond a conventional ordered magnet. Absence of static magnetic order alone is not a definition that identifies it experimentally: a trivial singlet state, disorder or a finite measurement window can also suppress the expected signal. Candidate materials require positive evidence and tests of alternatives. Chiral spin liquids can break time-reversal symmetry, so preserving every conventional symmetry is not a universal requirement. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620) [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b)\n\nThe connection to superconductivity is a research route, not an automatic consequence. Anderson's RVB proposal motivates doping a correlated singlet state, but undoped La2CuO4 has antiferromagnetic order. A spin-only Hamiltonian has no mobile electrical charge or superconducting stiffness. Emergent neutral Majorana fermions in such a model do not make its material a topological superconductor. A specific charge sector and gauge-invariant superconducting response must be established separately. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620) [R3](#ref-source-5a6026d6455bf7a0) [R11](#ref-source-9dda11fbf0c41f73) [R12](#ref-source-2f6a1c773323226a)"},{"id":"mathematical-assumptions","title":"Mathematical assumptions","markdown":"## Mathematical assumptions\n\nAn explicit counterexample clarifies the diagnostic problem. A product of disconnected spin singlets has $\\langle\\mathbf S_i\\rangle=0$ and vanishing correlations between different dimers, yet is not thereby a long-range-entangled spin liquid. For two spin-one-half singlets, direct matrix evaluation gives $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_2\\rangle=-3/4$ and $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_3\\rangle=0$. These finite-state checks disprove the inference from zero local moments alone; they do not classify an interacting bulk material. [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b)\n\nUse the honeycomb convention $H=-\\sum_{\\langle ij\\rangle_\\alpha}J_\\alpha\\sigma_i^\\alpha\\sigma_j^\\alpha$, with Pauli matrices $\\sigma=2S$. A Hamiltonian written with spin operators requires couplings $K_\\alpha=4J_\\alpha$ for the same energy. The vortex-free zero-field matter spectrum has zeros when the three $|J_\\alpha|$ satisfy triangle inequalities. Kitaev calls this the gapless B region, including isotropy; the dominant-coupling A regions are gapped. The source draft had these labels reversed. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620)\n\nNear isotropy, a weak field with all three spin-axis components nonzero generates a time-reversal-breaking term scaling as $h_xh_yh_z/J^2$ at third order. This perturbative result is not exact solvability at arbitrary field. For an ideal equilibrated chiral Majorana edge above a gapped bulk, $\\kappa_{xy}^{2D}/T=c_-\\pi^2k_B^2/(3h)$ with $c_-=\\pm1/2$. This is thermal conductance per layer, not three-dimensional conductivity or electrical Hall conductance. Independent checks verify the phase-boundary algebra, spin normalization and positive-energy thermal integral. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620)\n\nFor a gapped two-dimensional topologically ordered ground state and a sufficiently large smooth region, $S=\\alpha L-\\gamma+\\cdots$ with $\\gamma=\\ln\\mathcal D$ and $\\mathcal D=\\sqrt{\\sum_a d_a^2}$. The Abelian Z2 example gives $\\gamma=\\ln2$. This expression is not a universal entropy formula for every gapless spin liquid, and a single entropy constant does not fully specify anyon statistics. Finite geometry, boundaries and correlation length matter before identifying a universal term. [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5)"},{"id":"experimental-criteria","title":"Experimental criteria","markdown":"## Experimental criteria\n\nShimizu's organic candidate kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3 shows no proton-NMR signature of long-range magnetic order down to 32 mK. The single-crystal experiment applied 2.2 T perpendicular to the conducting planes; the susceptibility-derived exchange scale around 250 K came from a separate fit. Neither number is a superconducting transition temperature, and the experiment does not directly observe the zero-field, zero-temperature ground state. Kurosaki's pressure phase diagram separately connects the correlated insulator with metallic and superconducting regions; it does not identify a unique pairing mechanism. [R4](#ref-source-9d15cd9236072f5c) [R5](#ref-source-0443485ac20d3a8c)\n\nPustogow's 2023 strain-transport study instead favors a low-entropy, spin-gapped valence-bond-solid interpretation of the organic material's 6 K anomaly. Its hydrostatic-equivalent pressure is inferred from comparison with transport data, rather than directly applied hydrostatic pressure. The paper retains a gapped chiral-spin-liquid alternative and discusses mounting-related microcracks. Thus a revised interpretation must preserve both the measured anomaly and the remaining discrimination problem. [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b)\n\nHan's neutron study used deuterated herbertsmithite, ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2, at 1.6 K. Broad momentum-energy scattering supports the authors' fractionalization interpretation, but the measured low-energy signal can include interlayer Cu defects. The apparent absence of a gap down to the measured energy limit does not establish a universally gapless intrinsic kagome state. A later primary study explicitly analyzes correlated impurity contributions. Preserve isotope, background subtraction, resolution and momentum window before comparing these results with a theoretical continuum. [R7](#ref-source-43fba6076983bec0) [R8](#ref-source-7a6863ba09a1c037)\n\nIn alpha-RuCl3, zero-field magnetic order and candidate field-induced behavior must be separated. Xing's 2025 ultraclean-crystal study reports a narrower near-half-quantized thermal Hall plateau and weakened oscillation-like features. It discusses sample-dependent magnetic boundaries, possible stacking faults and phonon-edge coupling. The 5.0 K Hall measurement used heat current along b and field along a; the comparison crystal was measured at 4.3 K. These are not identical conditions or a universal material threshold. [R9](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c)\n\nShragai's 2026 ultrasound study measures acoustic Faraday rotation and infers a phonon Hall-viscosity contribution. Its conversion to thermal transport requires assumptions about frequency, phonon branches and viscosity components; the directly measured single-component estimate does not independently measure every thermal carrier. One displayed comparison also combines 2 K, 55-degree-tilted ultrasound with 4.9 K, 45-degree-tilted thermal data. This supplies substantive phonon evidence without making every field geometry or claimed quantized plateau equivalent. [R10](#ref-source-4a3e383e4c71604e)"},{"id":"limits-and-disputes","title":"Limits and disputes","markdown":"## Limits and disputes\n\nA continuum, a low-temperature heat-capacity term, absent NMR splitting and a thermal Hall signal test different observables. Their interpretation depends on defects, phonons, magnetic order, probe time scales and sample history. Do not turn one positive signal into a sufficient spin-liquid criterion, or one disputed material interpretation into a claim about every possible quantum spin liquid. Broad statements that all materials are settled or that none can ever be established would exceed this review. [R4](#ref-source-9d15cd9236072f5c) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b) [R7](#ref-source-43fba6076983bec0) [R9](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c) [R10](#ref-source-4a3e383e4c71604e)\n\nComplete scientific acceptance remains open. The present check covers selected primary passages, figures and restricted independent models. Several references retain abstract-only or earlier manuscript scopes; complete final-version comparisons, defect subtraction, thermal calibration and raw-data reproduction remain unfinished. The exact-model results and experimental interpretations are therefore presented at different evidence levels. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620) [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5) [R4](#ref-source-9d15cd9236072f5c) [R5](#ref-source-0443485ac20d3a8c) [R7](#ref-source-43fba6076983bec0) [R8](#ref-source-7a6863ba09a1c037) [R9](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c) [R10](#ref-source-4a3e383e4c71604e)"},{"id":"discovery-implications","title":"Discovery implications","markdown":"## Discovery implications\n\nTrack the insulating magnetic state, tuning parameter and superconducting response independently. For a pressure or doping trajectory, distinguish structural changes and disorder from changed bandwidth or filling. Compare several probes on characterized samples and ask what would exclude a trivial singlet, ordered or disordered alternative. A successful spin-liquid model provides testable mechanisms and excitations; establishing superconductivity additionally requires mobile charge, phase coherence and the corresponding experimental criteria. [R5](#ref-source-0443485ac20d3a8c) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b) [R11](#ref-source-9dda11fbf0c41f73) [R12](#ref-source-2f6a1c773323226a)"},{"id":"related-topics","title":"Related topics","markdown":"## Related topics\n\n[Spin-liquid routes to superconductivity](/scwiki/spin-liquids-and-superconductivity), [RVB pairing](/scwiki/rvb-and-doped-mott-insulators), [Organic superconductors](/scwiki/organic-charge-transfer-superconductors), and [Mottness](/scwiki/mottness-and-superconductivity)."},{"id":"material-cases","title":"Material cases","markdown":"## Material cases\n\nValues describe individual reports, not a ranking. Unknown means the checked source did not supply the field at this review scope.\n\n| Material and sample | Reported temperature | Criterion | Probe | Pressure | State | Evidence |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| RuCl3 (aliases: alpha-RuCl3, RuCl3, ruthenium trichloride); Xing two-step-grown alpha-RuCl3 crystal; heat current b,field a | 5 K; 5K thermal Hall measurement temperature, not superconducting Tc or magnetic TN. | measurement; thermal-hall-measurement | Steady-state thermal transport | ambient; unknown GPa | unknown | experiment; [source](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c) |"}],"markdown":"# Quantum spin liquids and superconductivity: models and evidence\n\nCompare solvable spin models with organic, kagome and Kitaev-material experiments, while separating candidate signatures, neutral excitations and charged superconducting order.\n\n## Scope\n\nA quantum spin liquid is a quantum magnetic state with correlations and excitations beyond a conventional ordered magnet. Absence of static magnetic order alone is not a definition that identifies it experimentally: a trivial singlet state, disorder or a finite measurement window can also suppress the expected signal. Candidate materials require positive evidence and tests of alternatives. Chiral spin liquids can break time-reversal symmetry, so preserving every conventional symmetry is not a universal requirement. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620) [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b)\n\nThe connection to superconductivity is a research route, not an automatic consequence. Anderson's RVB proposal motivates doping a correlated singlet state, but undoped La2CuO4 has antiferromagnetic order. A spin-only Hamiltonian has no mobile electrical charge or superconducting stiffness. Emergent neutral Majorana fermions in such a model do not make its material a topological superconductor. A specific charge sector and gauge-invariant superconducting response must be established separately. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620) [R3](#ref-source-5a6026d6455bf7a0) [R11](#ref-source-9dda11fbf0c41f73) [R12](#ref-source-2f6a1c773323226a)\n\n## Mathematical assumptions\n\nAn explicit counterexample clarifies the diagnostic problem. A product of disconnected spin singlets has $\\langle\\mathbf S_i\\rangle=0$ and vanishing correlations between different dimers, yet is not thereby a long-range-entangled spin liquid. For two spin-one-half singlets, direct matrix evaluation gives $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_2\\rangle=-3/4$ and $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_3\\rangle=0$. These finite-state checks disprove the inference from zero local moments alone; they do not classify an interacting bulk material. [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b)\n\nUse the honeycomb convention $H=-\\sum_{\\langle ij\\rangle_\\alpha}J_\\alpha\\sigma_i^\\alpha\\sigma_j^\\alpha$, with Pauli matrices $\\sigma=2S$. A Hamiltonian written with spin operators requires couplings $K_\\alpha=4J_\\alpha$ for the same energy. The vortex-free zero-field matter spectrum has zeros when the three $|J_\\alpha|$ satisfy triangle inequalities. Kitaev calls this the gapless B region, including isotropy; the dominant-coupling A regions are gapped. The source draft had these labels reversed. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620)\n\nNear isotropy, a weak field with all three spin-axis components nonzero generates a time-reversal-breaking term scaling as $h_xh_yh_z/J^2$ at third order. This perturbative result is not exact solvability at arbitrary field. For an ideal equilibrated chiral Majorana edge above a gapped bulk, $\\kappa_{xy}^{2D}/T=c_-\\pi^2k_B^2/(3h)$ with $c_-=\\pm1/2$. This is thermal conductance per layer, not three-dimensional conductivity or electrical Hall conductance. Independent checks verify the phase-boundary algebra, spin normalization and positive-energy thermal integral. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620)\n\nFor a gapped two-dimensional topologically ordered ground state and a sufficiently large smooth region, $S=\\alpha L-\\gamma+\\cdots$ with $\\gamma=\\ln\\mathcal D$ and $\\mathcal D=\\sqrt{\\sum_a d_a^2}$. The Abelian Z2 example gives $\\gamma=\\ln2$. This expression is not a universal entropy formula for every gapless spin liquid, and a single entropy constant does not fully specify anyon statistics. Finite geometry, boundaries and correlation length matter before identifying a universal term. [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5)\n\n## Experimental criteria\n\nShimizu's organic candidate kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3 shows no proton-NMR signature of long-range magnetic order down to 32 mK. The single-crystal experiment applied 2.2 T perpendicular to the conducting planes; the susceptibility-derived exchange scale around 250 K came from a separate fit. Neither number is a superconducting transition temperature, and the experiment does not directly observe the zero-field, zero-temperature ground state. Kurosaki's pressure phase diagram separately connects the correlated insulator with metallic and superconducting regions; it does not identify a unique pairing mechanism. [R4](#ref-source-9d15cd9236072f5c) [R5](#ref-source-0443485ac20d3a8c)\n\nPustogow's 2023 strain-transport study instead favors a low-entropy, spin-gapped valence-bond-solid interpretation of the organic material's 6 K anomaly. Its hydrostatic-equivalent pressure is inferred from comparison with transport data, rather than directly applied hydrostatic pressure. The paper retains a gapped chiral-spin-liquid alternative and discusses mounting-related microcracks. Thus a revised interpretation must preserve both the measured anomaly and the remaining discrimination problem. [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b)\n\nHan's neutron study used deuterated herbertsmithite, ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2, at 1.6 K. Broad momentum-energy scattering supports the authors' fractionalization interpretation, but the measured low-energy signal can include interlayer Cu defects. The apparent absence of a gap down to the measured energy limit does not establish a universally gapless intrinsic kagome state. A later primary study explicitly analyzes correlated impurity contributions. Preserve isotope, background subtraction, resolution and momentum window before comparing these results with a theoretical continuum. [R7](#ref-source-43fba6076983bec0) [R8](#ref-source-7a6863ba09a1c037)\n\nIn alpha-RuCl3, zero-field magnetic order and candidate field-induced behavior must be separated. Xing's 2025 ultraclean-crystal study reports a narrower near-half-quantized thermal Hall plateau and weakened oscillation-like features. It discusses sample-dependent magnetic boundaries, possible stacking faults and phonon-edge coupling. The 5.0 K Hall measurement used heat current along b and field along a; the comparison crystal was measured at 4.3 K. These are not identical conditions or a universal material threshold. [R9](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c)\n\nShragai's 2026 ultrasound study measures acoustic Faraday rotation and infers a phonon Hall-viscosity contribution. Its conversion to thermal transport requires assumptions about frequency, phonon branches and viscosity components; the directly measured single-component estimate does not independently measure every thermal carrier. One displayed comparison also combines 2 K, 55-degree-tilted ultrasound with 4.9 K, 45-degree-tilted thermal data. This supplies substantive phonon evidence without making every field geometry or claimed quantized plateau equivalent. [R10](#ref-source-4a3e383e4c71604e)\n\n## Limits and disputes\n\nA continuum, a low-temperature heat-capacity term, absent NMR splitting and a thermal Hall signal test different observables. Their interpretation depends on defects, phonons, magnetic order, probe time scales and sample history. Do not turn one positive signal into a sufficient spin-liquid criterion, or one disputed material interpretation into a claim about every possible quantum spin liquid. Broad statements that all materials are settled or that none can ever be established would exceed this review. [R4](#ref-source-9d15cd9236072f5c) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b) [R7](#ref-source-43fba6076983bec0) [R9](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c) [R10](#ref-source-4a3e383e4c71604e)\n\nComplete scientific acceptance remains open. The present check covers selected primary passages, figures and restricted independent models. Several references retain abstract-only or earlier manuscript scopes; complete final-version comparisons, defect subtraction, thermal calibration and raw-data reproduction remain unfinished. The exact-model results and experimental interpretations are therefore presented at different evidence levels. [R1](#ref-source-779d3cdcbcd5a620) [R2](#ref-source-4619c72961e466c5) [R4](#ref-source-9d15cd9236072f5c) [R5](#ref-source-0443485ac20d3a8c) [R7](#ref-source-43fba6076983bec0) [R8](#ref-source-7a6863ba09a1c037) [R9](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c) [R10](#ref-source-4a3e383e4c71604e)\n\n## Discovery implications\n\nTrack the insulating magnetic state, tuning parameter and superconducting response independently. For a pressure or doping trajectory, distinguish structural changes and disorder from changed bandwidth or filling. Compare several probes on characterized samples and ask what would exclude a trivial singlet, ordered or disordered alternative. A successful spin-liquid model provides testable mechanisms and excitations; establishing superconductivity additionally requires mobile charge, phase coherence and the corresponding experimental criteria. [R5](#ref-source-0443485ac20d3a8c) [R6](#ref-source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b) [R11](#ref-source-9dda11fbf0c41f73) [R12](#ref-source-2f6a1c773323226a)\n\n## Related topics\n\n[Spin-liquid routes to superconductivity](/scwiki/spin-liquids-and-superconductivity), [RVB pairing](/scwiki/rvb-and-doped-mott-insulators), [Organic superconductors](/scwiki/organic-charge-transfer-superconductors), and [Mottness](/scwiki/mottness-and-superconductivity).\n\n## Material cases\n\nValues describe individual reports, not a ranking. Unknown means the checked source did not supply the field at this review scope.\n\n| Material and sample | Reported temperature | Criterion | Probe | Pressure | State | Evidence |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| RuCl3 (aliases: alpha-RuCl3, RuCl3, ruthenium trichloride); Xing two-step-grown alpha-RuCl3 crystal; heat current b,field a | 5 K; 5K thermal Hall measurement temperature, not superconducting Tc or magnetic TN. | measurement; thermal-hall-measurement | Steady-state thermal transport | ambient; unknown GPa | unknown | experiment; [source](#ref-source-f089ec733f27462c) |\n\n## Sources\n\n### Ref source-779d3cdcbcd5a620\n\n[R1] Anyons in an exactly solved model and beyond (2006). [DOI 10.1016/j.aop.2005.10.005](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2005.10.005). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-final-phase-and-edge-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Final PDFpp18–19(printed19–20) dispersion/phase labels,PDFp25(printed26) third-order field approximation andPDFpp27–28(printed28–29) Chern/edge passages read. PDFpp19/28 visually checked. B is gapless at isotropy; A regions gapped. Complete110-page argument not read. General field not claimed exactly solvable.\n### Ref source-4619c72961e466c5\n\n[R2] Topological Entanglement Entropy (2006). [DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.110404](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.110404). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-author-entropy-equations. Checked: 2026-10-19. Authorv1,11October2005,pp1–2 read: gapped2D medium,large smooth region versus correlation length, gamma=log total quantum dimension, boundary-subtraction construction. Final comparison/full TQFT derivation not completed.\n### Ref source-5a6026d6455bf7a0\n\n[R3] The Resonating Valence Bond State in La2CuO4 and Superconductivity (1987). [DOI 10.1126/science.235.4793.1196](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4793.1196). Publication: journal-article. Check: indexed-primary-abstract-scoped-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Original abstract at PubMed: historical proposal, not a confirmed parent-state diagnosis. Publisher endpoint unavailable; full text not checked.\n### Ref source-9d15cd9236072f5c\n\n[R4] Spin Liquid State in an Organic Mott Insulator with a Triangular Lattice (2003). [DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.107001](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.107001). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-author-NMR-methods-and-spectra. Checked: 2026-10-19. Authorv1,19July2003; selected pp1–3 read;p2Figures2/3 andmethods visually checked. Single crystal76microgram,32mK–36K,2.2T perpendicular planes;polycrystal NMR3.9T; susceptibility0.32T. Exchange250K fromseries-fit susceptibility,notTc. No exactT=0/zero-field proof or final/raw audit.\n### Ref source-0443485ac20d3a8c\n\n[R5] Mott Transition from a Spin Liquid to a Fermi Liquid in the Spin-Frustrated Organic Conductor kappa-(ET)2Cu2(CN)3 (2005). [DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.177001](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.177001). Publication: journal-article. Check: publisher-abstract-scoped-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Pressure NMR/resistivity phase diagram and neighboring superconductivity; no causal RVB mechanism established. Full data not reviewed.\n### Ref source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b\n\n[R6] Chasing the spin gap through the phase diagram of a frustrated Mott insulator (2023). [DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-37491-z](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37491-z). Publication: journal-article. Check: published-primary-passages-scoped-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Published pp.1–5 selected results,discussion,methods and data analysis; Fig4/discussion visually checked. Substrate strain and inferred hydrostatic-equivalent pressure, VBS interpretation with gapped chiral QSL not excluded, mounting microcracks retained. Raw-data audit pending.\n### Ref source-43fba6076983bec0\n\n[R7] Fractionalized excitations in the spin-liquid state of a kagome-lattice antiferromagnet (2012). [DOI 10.1038/nature11659](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11659). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-author-neutron-methods-and-figure-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Author upload18July2013 after2012journal. Selected pp2–6 read; p11Figures3/4 visually checked. Deuterated ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2 single crystal,MACS,1.6K; final energies5.1/3.0meV,resolution HWHM0.21/0.08meV. Low-energy interlayer impurities can mask intrinsic gap; no full background/raw-data audit.\n### Ref source-7a6863ba09a1c037\n\n[R8] Correlated impurities and intrinsic spin-liquid physics in the kagome material herbertsmithite (2016). [DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.060409](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.060409). Publication: journal-article. Check: publisher-abstract-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Original abstract checked: low-energy interlayer impurity correlations in deuterated herbertsmithite. Full neutron decomposition not reviewed; no new exact intrinsic gap extracted.\n### Ref source-f089ec733f27462c\n\n[R9] Magnetothermal transport in ultraclean single crystals of Kitaev magnet alpha-RuCl3 (2025). [DOI 10.1038/s41535-025-00749-4](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41535-025-00749-4). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-author-transport-results-and-methods. Checked: 2026-10-19. Authorv2,29March2025; publisher28March2025. Selected HTML results,Figure4caption andmethods read: q||b,fieldalong a,5.0Ksample versus4.3Kcomparison,plateau narrower,steady-state transport,two-stepCVT/sublimation. Same-sample orthogonal transport still desired. No Figure4visual/raw-data audit; rendering date notpublication.\n### Ref source-4a3e383e4c71604e\n\n[R10] Phonon Hall viscosity and the intrinsic thermal Hall effect of alpha-RuCl3 (2026). [DOI 10.1038/s41586-026-10420-y](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10420-y). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-author-ultrasound-and-comparison-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Authorv2,9May2026; Nature652,1166–1172. Selected pp5–7,9–13 read;p12visually checked.2K ultrasound B||c and55degree tilt; frequency-dependent viscosity; single-branch estimate withinfactor6, otherbranches/tensor terms inferred. Figure5b compares2K55degree ultrasound with4.9K45degree literature Hall. Full final/supplement/calibration comparison remains open.\n### Ref source-9dda11fbf0c41f73\n\n[R11] Antiferromagnetism in La2CuO4-y (1987). [DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2802](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2802). Publication: journal-article. Check: publisher-abstract-scoped-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Powder neutron magnetic superlattice evidence for antiferromagnetism in undoped parent. Abstract only; full refinement not checked.\n### Ref source-2f6a1c773323226a\n\n[R12] Doping a Mott insulator: Physics of high-temperature superconductivity (2006). [DOI 10.1103/RevModPhys.78.17](https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.17). Publication: journal-article. Check: earlier-author-manuscript-selected-passages-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Selected manuscript pp.27–28 projected Hilbert space and constraint, p.33 Gaussian response and experimental mismatch, p.45 representation versus emergent gauge group. Page33 equations visually inspected. Full final-version comparison pending.\n\n## Claim evidence and conditions\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-scope-1\n\nA quantum spin liquid is a quantum magnetic state with correlations and excitations beyond a conventional ordered magnet. Absence of static magnetic order alone is not a definition that identifies it experimentally: a trivial singlet state, disorder or a finite measurement window can also suppress the expected signal. Candidate materials require positive evidence and tests of alternatives. Chiral spin liquids can break time-reversal symmetry, so preserving every conventional symmetry is not a universal requirement.\n\nEvidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-779d3cdcbcd5a620, source-4619c72961e466c5, source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-scope-2\n\nThe connection to superconductivity is a research route, not an automatic consequence. Anderson's RVB proposal motivates doping a correlated singlet state, but undoped La2CuO4 has antiferromagnetic order. A spin-only Hamiltonian has no mobile electrical charge or superconducting stiffness. Emergent neutral Majorana fermions in such a model do not make its material a topological superconductor. A specific charge sector and gauge-invariant superconducting response must be established separately.\n\nEvidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-779d3cdcbcd5a620, source-5a6026d6455bf7a0, source-9dda11fbf0c41f73, source-2f6a1c773323226a.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-mathematical-assumptions-1\n\nAn explicit counterexample clarifies the diagnostic problem. A product of disconnected spin singlets has $\\langle\\mathbf S_i\\rangle=0$ and vanishing correlations between different dimers, yet is not thereby a long-range-entangled spin liquid. For two spin-one-half singlets, direct matrix evaluation gives $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_2\\rangle=-3/4$ and $\\langle\\mathbf S_1\\cdot\\mathbf S_3\\rangle=0$. These finite-state checks disprove the inference from zero local moments alone; they do not classify an interacting bulk material.\n\nEvidence: theory. Sources: source-4619c72961e466c5, source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-mathematical-assumptions-2\n\nUse the honeycomb convention $H=-\\sum_{\\langle ij\\rangle_\\alpha}J_\\alpha\\sigma_i^\\alpha\\sigma_j^\\alpha$, with Pauli matrices $\\sigma=2S$. A Hamiltonian written with spin operators requires couplings $K_\\alpha=4J_\\alpha$ for the same energy. The vortex-free zero-field matter spectrum has zeros when the three $|J_\\alpha|$ satisfy triangle inequalities. Kitaev calls this the gapless B region, including isotropy; the dominant-coupling A regions are gapped. The source draft had these labels reversed.\n\nEvidence: theory. Sources: source-779d3cdcbcd5a620.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-mathematical-assumptions-3\n\nNear isotropy, a weak field with all three spin-axis components nonzero generates a time-reversal-breaking term scaling as $h_xh_yh_z/J^2$ at third order. This perturbative result is not exact solvability at arbitrary field. For an ideal equilibrated chiral Majorana edge above a gapped bulk, $\\kappa_{xy}^{2D}/T=c_-\\pi^2k_B^2/(3h)$ with $c_-=\\pm1/2$. This is thermal conductance per layer, not three-dimensional conductivity or electrical Hall conductance. Independent checks verify the phase-boundary algebra, spin normalization and positive-energy thermal integral.\n\nEvidence: theory. Sources: source-779d3cdcbcd5a620.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-mathematical-assumptions-4\n\nFor a gapped two-dimensional topologically ordered ground state and a sufficiently large smooth region, $S=\\alpha L-\\gamma+\\cdots$ with $\\gamma=\\ln\\mathcal D$ and $\\mathcal D=\\sqrt{\\sum_a d_a^2}$. The Abelian Z2 example gives $\\gamma=\\ln2$. This expression is not a universal entropy formula for every gapless spin liquid, and a single entropy constant does not fully specify anyon statistics. Finite geometry, boundaries and correlation length matter before identifying a universal term.\n\nEvidence: theory. Sources: source-4619c72961e466c5.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-1\n\nShimizu's organic candidate kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3 shows no proton-NMR signature of long-range magnetic order down to 32 mK. The single-crystal experiment applied 2.2 T perpendicular to the conducting planes; the susceptibility-derived exchange scale around 250 K came from a separate fit. Neither number is a superconducting transition temperature, and the experiment does not directly observe the zero-field, zero-temperature ground state. Kurosaki's pressure phase diagram separately connects the correlated insulator with metallic and superconducting regions; it does not identify a unique pairing mechanism.\n\nEvidence: experiment. Sources: source-9d15cd9236072f5c, source-0443485ac20d3a8c.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-2\n\nPustogow's 2023 strain-transport study instead favors a low-entropy, spin-gapped valence-bond-solid interpretation of the organic material's 6 K anomaly. Its hydrostatic-equivalent pressure is inferred from comparison with transport data, rather than directly applied hydrostatic pressure. The paper retains a gapped chiral-spin-liquid alternative and discusses mounting-related microcracks. Thus a revised interpretation must preserve both the measured anomaly and the remaining discrimination problem.\n\nEvidence: experiment. Sources: source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-3\n\nHan's neutron study used deuterated herbertsmithite, ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2, at 1.6 K. Broad momentum-energy scattering supports the authors' fractionalization interpretation, but the measured low-energy signal can include interlayer Cu defects. The apparent absence of a gap down to the measured energy limit does not establish a universally gapless intrinsic kagome state. A later primary study explicitly analyzes correlated impurity contributions. Preserve isotope, background subtraction, resolution and momentum window before comparing these results with a theoretical continuum.\n\nEvidence: experiment. Sources: source-43fba6076983bec0, source-7a6863ba09a1c037.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-4\n\nIn alpha-RuCl3, zero-field magnetic order and candidate field-induced behavior must be separated. Xing's 2025 ultraclean-crystal study reports a narrower near-half-quantized thermal Hall plateau and weakened oscillation-like features. It discusses sample-dependent magnetic boundaries, possible stacking faults and phonon-edge coupling. The 5.0 K Hall measurement used heat current along b and field along a; the comparison crystal was measured at 4.3 K. These are not identical conditions or a universal material threshold.\n\nEvidence: experiment. Sources: source-f089ec733f27462c.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-experimental-criteria-5\n\nShragai's 2026 ultrasound study measures acoustic Faraday rotation and infers a phonon Hall-viscosity contribution. Its conversion to thermal transport requires assumptions about frequency, phonon branches and viscosity components; the directly measured single-component estimate does not independently measure every thermal carrier. One displayed comparison also combines 2 K, 55-degree-tilted ultrasound with 4.9 K, 45-degree-tilted thermal data. This supplies substantive phonon evidence without making every field geometry or claimed quantized plateau equivalent.\n\nEvidence: experiment. Sources: source-4a3e383e4c71604e.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-limits-and-disputes-1\n\nA continuum, a low-temperature heat-capacity term, absent NMR splitting and a thermal Hall signal test different observables. Their interpretation depends on defects, phonons, magnetic order, probe time scales and sample history. Do not turn one positive signal into a sufficient spin-liquid criterion, or one disputed material interpretation into a claim about every possible quantum spin liquid. Broad statements that all materials are settled or that none can ever be established would exceed this review.\n\nEvidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-9d15cd9236072f5c, source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b, source-43fba6076983bec0, source-f089ec733f27462c, source-4a3e383e4c71604e.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-limits-and-disputes-2\n\nComplete scientific acceptance remains open. The present check covers selected primary passages, figures and restricted independent models. Several references retain abstract-only or earlier manuscript scopes; complete final-version comparisons, defect subtraction, thermal calibration and raw-data reproduction remain unfinished. The exact-model results and experimental interpretations are therefore presented at different evidence levels.\n\nEvidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-779d3cdcbcd5a620, source-4619c72961e466c5, source-9d15cd9236072f5c, source-0443485ac20d3a8c, source-43fba6076983bec0, source-7a6863ba09a1c037, source-f089ec733f27462c, source-4a3e383e4c71604e.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n### scwiki-h10-claim-discovery-implications-1\n\nTrack the insulating magnetic state, tuning parameter and superconducting response independently. For a pressure or doping trajectory, distinguish structural changes and disorder from changed bandwidth or filling. Compare several probes on characterized samples and ask what would exclude a trivial singlet, ordered or disordered alternative. A successful spin-liquid model provides testable mechanisms and excitations; establishing superconductivity additionally requires mobile charge, phase coherence and the corresponding experimental criteria.\n\nEvidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-0443485ac20d3a8c, source-5e0dcd80e8b64a1b, source-9dda11fbf0c41f73, source-2f6a1c773323226a.\n\nConditions: Distinguish exact spin model, restricted illustrations and material interpretations. Preserve field, temperature, isotope, normalizations, defects and charge-sector criteria.\n\nVerification scope: Selected primary text/figures and independent model checks; full scientific acceptance remains open.\n\n## Revision and review\n\nArticle ID: scwiki-h10. Revision: 5e8fe8acc078f78e51af. Updated: 2026-10-18T17:32:52.513035+00:00.\n\nReview scope: Kitaev final selected phase/edge passages, Kitaev-Preskill author entropy equations, Shimizu NMR methods/figures, Han neutron methods/figures, Xing selected transport results/methods and Shragai selected ultrasound comparisons; inherited B9 scopes.\n\n- Complete scientific acceptance remains open.\n- Complete primary final-version/supplement/raw-data, disorder and thermal-calibration audits remain open.\n- Kurosaki,Anderson,Vaknin and Han2016 retain abstract-level limits.\n- Independent models do not establish a material ground state, full topological classification or superconductivity.\n\nSource: [H_anomalous_normal_state/H10_spin_liquid.md](https://github.com/JackZH26/jzis-superconductivity/blob/0a7c9d6696804ec26aa12f8eed68b55c9b3c0fcf/H_anomalous_normal_state/H10_spin_liquid.md), commit 0a7c9d6696804ec26aa12f8eed68b55c9b3c0fcf, SHA-256 27bd58e1a03a8a66f696e36ddafe920be685805b75e96b260aa585e231c725c8.\n","wordCount":1007}}