# Charge-density waves: observations, competition and reconstruction

Read charge-order evidence with its material, wave vector, dimensionality and resolution limits; distinguish competition from a pairing mechanism.

## Scope

A charge-density wave (CDW) modulates the electronic density at a finite wave vector, often together with atomic displacements. Cuprates and kagome compounds exhibit several distinct charge-order patterns. Their coexistence or competition with superconductivity depends on composition, temperature, field, pressure and the probe's spatial and temporal resolution. Neither a density modulation nor a nearby superconducting dome identifies the pairing interaction. [R2](#ref-source-9ae65971bc3eb5b8) [R3](#ref-source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb) [R8](#ref-source-80eda571fc6d710c) [R11](#ref-source-74169f2f9bc31219)

This page addresses observations and their interpretation. Pair-density waves instead modulate the superconducting pair field; spin-density waves modulate magnetization. Charge order, structural chirality, broken time-reversal symmetry and superconducting chirality are different claims. The retained source chapter's citation of Stahl for the conjoined-CDW paper is corrected: that paper is by Li and colleagues; Stahl's temperature-dependent stacking study has a different DOI. [R7](#ref-source-d773a884dacbd7c9) [R8](#ref-source-80eda571fc6d710c) [R9](#ref-source-484da7abcc165cd3) [R10](#ref-source-057c43c86174f961)

## Mathematical assumptions

A single-component modulation can be written as $\rho(\mathbf r)=\rho_0+\operatorname{Re}[\rho_{\mathbf Q}e^{i\mathbf Q\cdot\mathbf r}]$. Peak position identifies periodicity, while width constrains correlations under a stated line-shape model. For the illustrative lattice correlation $C(n)=r^{|n|}$, with $r=e^{-1/\xi}$ and $\xi$ in lattice spacings, the Fourier sum is $S(q)=(1-r^2)/(1+r^2-2r\cos q)$. Here $q$ is dimensionless radians per spacing, measured from the ordering wave vector. Finite $\xi$ produces a finite-width peak; observing that peak does not establish infinite-range order. This is an independent correlation model, not a fit to the cited specimens. [R4](#ref-source-d9477b85392d03f9) [R5](#ref-source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8)

Correlation lengths also depend on resolution and conventions. If both intrinsic and instrumental profiles are Gaussian, $\sigma_{\rm obs}^2=\sigma_{\rm int}^2+\sigma_R^2$. The convention $\xi=1/\sigma_{\rm int}$ then requires momentum widths in inverse-length units. Reciprocal-lattice widths need the appropriate lattice conversion. Uncorrected $1/\sigma_{\rm obs}$ is a lower bound within this model. Gaussian standard deviations, Lorentzian half-widths and full widths are not interchangeable; a resolution-limited peak yields a bound rather than a precisely measured divergence. [R4](#ref-source-d9477b85392d03f9) [R5](#ref-source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8)

A phenomenological free energy $F=a_s|\Delta|^2+b_s|\Delta|^4+a_c|\rho_{\mathbf Q}|^2+b_c|\rho_{\mathbf Q}|^4+g|\Delta|^2|\rho_{\mathbf Q}|^2$ illustrates static competition when $g>0$. With positive quartic coefficients, a stable interior coexistence minimum additionally requires $4b_sb_c-g^2>0$ and positive equilibrium squared amplitudes. Competition alone neither guarantees coexistence nor determines the frequency-dependent pairing kernel. Charge fluctuations could contribute to an effective interaction in a specified microscopic model without making every observed CDW a pairing mechanism. [R3](#ref-source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb) [R11](#ref-source-74169f2f9bc31219)

## Experimental criteria

Tranquada's historical neutron result concerns Nd-substituted La1.6−xNd0.4SrxCuO4 at $x=0.12$. Its static stripe evidence and suppressed superconductivity should not be assigned indiscriminately to every one-eighth-doped cuprate. Ghiringhelli's resonant X-ray study adds an element-sensitive charge response in underdoped YBCO. The selected author text uses 130 meV instrumental resolution and argues for a much smaller energy bound; that bound is not a separately resolved sharp collective mode. [R1](#ref-source-b33aab72ae697f3a) [R2](#ref-source-9ae65971bc3eb5b8)

Chang's 2012 experiment on detwinned ortho-VIII YBa2Cu3O6.67 finds charge-order intensity suppressed on entering the superconducting regime and enhanced by magnetic field below it. Those controlled changes support competition in this specimen. They do not isolate every field-induced change in vortices or electronic structure, and do not identify a unique microscopic interaction. [R3](#ref-source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb)

Gerber's high-field diffraction shows additional interlayer-correlated order developing above about 15 T at 10 K. The author Figure 3 separates peaks near integer and half-integer out-of-plane coordinates and extracts Gaussian widths. Its reported lengths are explicitly uncorrected for resolution. Chang's 2016 study instead reports resolution-corrected widths: for YBCO6.67, the c-axis scale reaches about four lattice periods within the measured field range. Finite three-dimensional correlations must remain distinct from unlimited long-range coherence. These analyses cannot be combined by silently treating corrected and uncorrected widths as equivalent. [R4](#ref-source-d9477b85392d03f9) [R5](#ref-source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8)

Kagome studies probe different structures and surfaces. Liang's STM step-edge phase shift suggests $2\times2\times2$ order. Stahl's bulk diffraction reports a low-temperature $2\times2\times2$ structure changing to $2\times2\times4$ near 60 K on warming; its null response to fields up to 10 T does not rule out broken time-reversal symmetry. Li's separate CsV3Sb5 study resolves conjoined $2\times2\times1$ and $2\times2\times2$ charge-order responses, with distinct resonant behavior and a roughly 4 K onset separation at 1 GPa. That separation concerns charge order, not two superconducting transitions. [R6](#ref-source-7746049011a0e640) [R7](#ref-source-d773a884dacbd7c9) [R8](#ref-source-80eda571fc6d710c)

## Limits and disputes

A scattering superlattice peak needs electronic, structural and instrumental interpretation; it is not by itself proof of an exclusively electronic instability. STM conductance modulations must be compared across bias, surface termination and bulk probes. Li's surface modulation and bulk-null comparison illustrates why a surface pattern cannot automatically be promoted to a universal bulk phase. The present review does not independently reproduce those sensitivity limits or resolve every reported stacking structure. [R6](#ref-source-7746049011a0e640) [R8](#ref-source-80eda571fc6d710c)

Mielke's accepted-manuscript abstract reports enhanced internal-field widths in KV3Sb5 below charge ordering, interpreted as time-reversal symmetry breaking. This is a normal-state charge-order claim, not a direct determination of chiral superconducting pairing. Chen's spatially modulated tunnelling signatures motivate a kagome PDW interpretation, but interpretation of the pair field requires additional evidence beyond ordinary charge contrast. Material identity, probe coupling and the superconducting transition must remain explicit. [R9](#ref-source-484da7abcc165cd3) [R10](#ref-source-057c43c86174f961)

Complete scientific acceptance remains open. Selected methods and figures, historical abstracts and independent line-shape checks do not replace full source-version comparisons, raw diffraction reproduction, all supplementary calibrations or competing-structure assessment. A Hall anomaly, a Fermi-surface pocket or a charge onset below a pseudogap scale cannot alone specify which charge structure causes reconstruction or whether it mediates pairing. [R3](#ref-source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb) [R4](#ref-source-d9477b85392d03f9) [R5](#ref-source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8)

## Discovery implications

Preserve the measured wave vector and reciprocal units, sample composition, oxygen order, field direction, pressure medium, line shape and resolution treatment. Compare competing-order amplitudes on characterized specimens and distinguish a static order parameter from dynamic spectral weight. Useful predictions should connect a particular charge structure to a testable electronic reconstruction and superconducting response, including results that could falsify the proposed connection. [R2](#ref-source-9ae65971bc3eb5b8) [R3](#ref-source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb) [R5](#ref-source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8) [R11](#ref-source-74169f2f9bc31219)

## Related topics

[Pseudogap](/scwiki/pseudogap), [Charge-fluctuation pairing](/scwiki/charge-fluctuation-pairing), and [Pair-density waves](/scwiki/pair-density-wave).

## Material cases

Values describe individual reports, not a ranking. Unknown means the checked source did not supply the field at this review scope.

| Material and sample | Reported temperature | Criterion | Probe | Pressure | State | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YBa2Cu3O6.67 (aliases: YBCO); Gerber high-field YBCO6.67 diffraction series | 10 K; Diffraction at 10 K; not superconducting Tc. | measurement; diffraction-measurement | Pulsed-field X-ray diffraction | ambient; unknown GPa | unknown | experiment; [source](#ref-source-d9477b85392d03f9) |
| CsV3Sb5 (aliases: CsV3Sb5); Li resonant scattering specimen at ambient pressure | 10 K; Resonant scattering at 10 K; not superconducting Tc. | measurement; REXS-measurement | Sb L1-edge resonant elastic X-ray scattering | ambient; unknown GPa | unknown | experiment; [source](#ref-source-80eda571fc6d710c) |
| CsV3Sb5 (aliases: CsV3Sb5); Li high-pressure diffraction at 1 GPa | 61 K; Diffraction comparison temperature; separates charge-order peaks and is not superconducting Tc. | measurement; diffraction-measurement | High-pressure X-ray diffraction | high; 1 to 1 GPa | unknown | experiment; [source](#ref-source-80eda571fc6d710c) |

## Sources

### Ref source-b33aab72ae697f3a

[R1] Evidence for stripe correlations of spins and holes in copper oxide superconductors (1995). [DOI 10.1038/375561a0](https://doi.org/10.1038/375561a0). Publication: journal-article. Check: publisher-abstract-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Publisher abstract and identity checked: 15 June 1995, Nd-substituted compound x=0.12, neutron diffraction. Full paper and data not reviewed.
### Ref source-9ae65971bc3eb5b8

[R2] Long-Range Incommensurate Charge Fluctuations in (Y,Nd)Ba2Cu3O6+x (2012). [DOI 10.1126/science.1223532](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223532). Publication: journal-article. Check: author-manuscript-scoped-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Ghiringhelli et al. selected PDF pp.4–6,20–21: resonance/polarization,130meV resolution, author20meV bound and competition. Bound is not a resolved mode. Final-version and raw-data review open.
### Ref source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb

[R3] Direct observation of competition between superconductivity and charge density wave order in YBa2Cu3O6.67 (2012). [DOI 10.1038/nphys2456](https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2456). Publication: journal-article. Check: author-manuscript-scoped-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Chang et al. selected pp.1–2: detwinned ortho-VIII crystal,100keV,up to17T,67K versus135K; zero-field CDW and field enhancement below Tc. Transition criterion/raw data not fully audited; no sample Tc record created.
### Ref source-d9477b85392d03f9

[R4] Three-dimensional charge density wave order in YBa2Cu3O6.67 at high magnetic fields (2015). [DOI 10.1126/science.aac6257](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac6257). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-author-methods-and-figure-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Author v1 selected pp. 4, 10, 13 read; Figures 2 and 3 on pp. 9–10 visually checked. Gaussian correlation lengths are uncorrected lower bounds. Final-version comparison and raw-data reproduction remain open.
### Ref source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8

[R5] Magnetic field controlled charge density wave coupling in underdoped YBa2Cu3O6+x (2016). [DOI 10.1038/ncomms11494](https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11494). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-final-methods-table-and-figure-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Published 5 May 2016. Selected pp. 3, 5–6 read; Figures 4–5 on p. 5 and Table 1/methods on p. 6 visually checked. Resolution-corrected Gaussian widths, 16.9 T limit and absolute temperature uncertainty distinguished. Complete raw-profile and stacking-model reproduction remain open.
### Ref source-7746049011a0e640

[R6] Three-Dimensional Charge Density Wave and Surface-Dependent Vortex-Core States in a Kagome Superconductor CsV3Sb5 (2021). [DOI 10.1103/PhysRevX.11.031026](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.11.031026). Publication: journal-article. Check: publisher-abstract-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Published 2 August 2021. Surface step phase shift and suggested three-dimensional order checked at abstract scope; vortex-state identity and full STM data not independently established.
### Ref source-d773a884dacbd7c9

[R7] Temperature-driven reorganization of electronic order in CsV3Sb5 (2022). [DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.105.195136](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.195136). Publication: journal-article. Check: publisher-abstract-and-identity-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Stahl et al., published 24 May 2022. Abstract reports temperature-dependent stacking and a null diffraction response up to 10 T. Full refinements not reviewed; distinguish this DOI from Li et al. conjoined-CDW work.
### Ref source-80eda571fc6d710c

[R8] Discovery of conjoined charge density waves in the kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5 (2022). [DOI 10.1038/s41467-022-33995-2](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33995-2). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-publisher-web-passages-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Li et al., published 26 October 2022. Abstract, selected results and Figures 1–4 captions read as text; images and raw profiles not independently reviewed. Corrects the inherited attribution to Stahl. Measurements at 10 K and charge-order onsets are not superconducting Tc.
### Ref source-484da7abcc165cd3

[R9] Time-reversal symmetry-breaking charge order in a kagome superconductor (2022). [DOI 10.1038/s41586-021-04327-z](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04327-z). Publication: journal-article. Check: accepted-manuscript-abstract-check. Checked: 2026-10-19. Accepted manuscript opening abstract read: KV3Sb5 muon field-width enhancement below charge ordering. Full background calibration, magnetic interpretation and superconducting gap fits remain open.
### Ref source-057c43c86174f961

[R10] Roton pair density wave in a strong-coupling kagome superconductor (2021). [DOI 10.1038/s41586-021-03983-5](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03983-5). Publication: journal-article. Check: selected-author-manuscript-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Selected pp. 3–7 and methods pp. 17–18; Fig. 3 on p. 14 visually checked. Author version 2 September 2021 has a different title and mistyped journal volume 559; publisher confirms Nature 599. Final-version/raw-data comparison open.
### Ref source-74169f2f9bc31219

[R11] Singular Quasiparticle Scattering in the Proximity of Charge Instabilities (1995). [DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4650](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4650). Publication: journal-article. Check: publisher-abstract-scoped-check. Checked: 2026-10-18. Castellani–Di Castro–Grilli abstract: infinite-U Hubbard–Holstein model and long-range Coulomb change from zero to finite wave vector. Full calculation not read or reproduced.

## Claim evidence and conditions

### scwiki-h4-claim-scope-1

A charge-density wave (CDW) modulates the electronic density at a finite wave vector, often together with atomic displacements. Cuprates and kagome compounds exhibit several distinct charge-order patterns. Their coexistence or competition with superconductivity depends on composition, temperature, field, pressure and the probe's spatial and temporal resolution. Neither a density modulation nor a nearby superconducting dome identifies the pairing interaction.

Evidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-9ae65971bc3eb5b8, source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb, source-80eda571fc6d710c, source-74169f2f9bc31219.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-scope-2

This page addresses observations and their interpretation. Pair-density waves instead modulate the superconducting pair field; spin-density waves modulate magnetization. Charge order, structural chirality, broken time-reversal symmetry and superconducting chirality are different claims. The retained source chapter's citation of Stahl for the conjoined-CDW paper is corrected: that paper is by Li and colleagues; Stahl's temperature-dependent stacking study has a different DOI.

Evidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-d773a884dacbd7c9, source-80eda571fc6d710c, source-484da7abcc165cd3, source-057c43c86174f961.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-mathematical-assumptions-1

A single-component modulation can be written as $\rho(\mathbf r)=\rho_0+\operatorname{Re}[\rho_{\mathbf Q}e^{i\mathbf Q\cdot\mathbf r}]$. Peak position identifies periodicity, while width constrains correlations under a stated line-shape model. For the illustrative lattice correlation $C(n)=r^{|n|}$, with $r=e^{-1/\xi}$ and $\xi$ in lattice spacings, the Fourier sum is $S(q)=(1-r^2)/(1+r^2-2r\cos q)$. Here $q$ is dimensionless radians per spacing, measured from the ordering wave vector. Finite $\xi$ produces a finite-width peak; observing that peak does not establish infinite-range order. This is an independent correlation model, not a fit to the cited specimens.

Evidence: theory. Sources: source-d9477b85392d03f9, source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-mathematical-assumptions-2

Correlation lengths also depend on resolution and conventions. If both intrinsic and instrumental profiles are Gaussian, $\sigma_{\rm obs}^2=\sigma_{\rm int}^2+\sigma_R^2$. The convention $\xi=1/\sigma_{\rm int}$ then requires momentum widths in inverse-length units. Reciprocal-lattice widths need the appropriate lattice conversion. Uncorrected $1/\sigma_{\rm obs}$ is a lower bound within this model. Gaussian standard deviations, Lorentzian half-widths and full widths are not interchangeable; a resolution-limited peak yields a bound rather than a precisely measured divergence.

Evidence: theory. Sources: source-d9477b85392d03f9, source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-mathematical-assumptions-3

A phenomenological free energy $F=a_s|\Delta|^2+b_s|\Delta|^4+a_c|\rho_{\mathbf Q}|^2+b_c|\rho_{\mathbf Q}|^4+g|\Delta|^2|\rho_{\mathbf Q}|^2$ illustrates static competition when $g>0$. With positive quartic coefficients, a stable interior coexistence minimum additionally requires $4b_sb_c-g^2>0$ and positive equilibrium squared amplitudes. Competition alone neither guarantees coexistence nor determines the frequency-dependent pairing kernel. Charge fluctuations could contribute to an effective interaction in a specified microscopic model without making every observed CDW a pairing mechanism.

Evidence: theory. Sources: source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb, source-74169f2f9bc31219.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-experimental-criteria-1

Tranquada's historical neutron result concerns Nd-substituted La1.6−xNd0.4SrxCuO4 at $x=0.12$. Its static stripe evidence and suppressed superconductivity should not be assigned indiscriminately to every one-eighth-doped cuprate. Ghiringhelli's resonant X-ray study adds an element-sensitive charge response in underdoped YBCO. The selected author text uses 130 meV instrumental resolution and argues for a much smaller energy bound; that bound is not a separately resolved sharp collective mode.

Evidence: experiment. Sources: source-b33aab72ae697f3a, source-9ae65971bc3eb5b8.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-experimental-criteria-2

Chang's 2012 experiment on detwinned ortho-VIII YBa2Cu3O6.67 finds charge-order intensity suppressed on entering the superconducting regime and enhanced by magnetic field below it. Those controlled changes support competition in this specimen. They do not isolate every field-induced change in vortices or electronic structure, and do not identify a unique microscopic interaction.

Evidence: experiment. Sources: source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-experimental-criteria-3

Gerber's high-field diffraction shows additional interlayer-correlated order developing above about 15 T at 10 K. The author Figure 3 separates peaks near integer and half-integer out-of-plane coordinates and extracts Gaussian widths. Its reported lengths are explicitly uncorrected for resolution. Chang's 2016 study instead reports resolution-corrected widths: for YBCO6.67, the c-axis scale reaches about four lattice periods within the measured field range. Finite three-dimensional correlations must remain distinct from unlimited long-range coherence. These analyses cannot be combined by silently treating corrected and uncorrected widths as equivalent.

Evidence: experiment. Sources: source-d9477b85392d03f9, source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-experimental-criteria-4

Kagome studies probe different structures and surfaces. Liang's STM step-edge phase shift suggests $2\times2\times2$ order. Stahl's bulk diffraction reports a low-temperature $2\times2\times2$ structure changing to $2\times2\times4$ near 60 K on warming; its null response to fields up to 10 T does not rule out broken time-reversal symmetry. Li's separate CsV3Sb5 study resolves conjoined $2\times2\times1$ and $2\times2\times2$ charge-order responses, with distinct resonant behavior and a roughly 4 K onset separation at 1 GPa. That separation concerns charge order, not two superconducting transitions.

Evidence: experiment. Sources: source-7746049011a0e640, source-d773a884dacbd7c9, source-80eda571fc6d710c.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-limits-and-disputes-1

A scattering superlattice peak needs electronic, structural and instrumental interpretation; it is not by itself proof of an exclusively electronic instability. STM conductance modulations must be compared across bias, surface termination and bulk probes. Li's surface modulation and bulk-null comparison illustrates why a surface pattern cannot automatically be promoted to a universal bulk phase. The present review does not independently reproduce those sensitivity limits or resolve every reported stacking structure.

Evidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-7746049011a0e640, source-80eda571fc6d710c.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-limits-and-disputes-2

Mielke's accepted-manuscript abstract reports enhanced internal-field widths in KV3Sb5 below charge ordering, interpreted as time-reversal symmetry breaking. This is a normal-state charge-order claim, not a direct determination of chiral superconducting pairing. Chen's spatially modulated tunnelling signatures motivate a kagome PDW interpretation, but interpretation of the pair field requires additional evidence beyond ordinary charge contrast. Material identity, probe coupling and the superconducting transition must remain explicit.

Evidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-484da7abcc165cd3, source-057c43c86174f961.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-limits-and-disputes-3

Complete scientific acceptance remains open. Selected methods and figures, historical abstracts and independent line-shape checks do not replace full source-version comparisons, raw diffraction reproduction, all supplementary calibrations or competing-structure assessment. A Hall anomaly, a Fermi-surface pocket or a charge onset below a pseudogap scale cannot alone specify which charge structure causes reconstruction or whether it mediates pairing.

Evidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb, source-d9477b85392d03f9, source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

### scwiki-h4-claim-discovery-implications-1

Preserve the measured wave vector and reciprocal units, sample composition, oxygen order, field direction, pressure medium, line shape and resolution treatment. Compare competing-order amplitudes on characterized specimens and distinguish a static order parameter from dynamic spectral weight. Useful predictions should connect a particular charge structure to a testable electronic reconstruction and superconducting response, including results that could falsify the proposed connection.

Evidence: hypothesis. Sources: source-9ae65971bc3eb5b8, source-c4a9d4e1b52d95bb, source-b89f6bcf54acb4d8, source-74169f2f9bc31219.

Conditions: Retain specimen, wave vector units, field, pressure, probe, source version and resolution correction. Charge-order and measurement temperatures are not superconducting Tc.

Verification scope: Selected primary evidence and independent correlation models; full scientific acceptance remains open.

## Revision and review

Article ID: scwiki-h4. Revision: 092d1a01d0e22c7c3549. Updated: 2026-10-18T16:48:09.729599+00:00.

Review scope: Selected Gerber author methods and diffraction figures; Chang final methods, table and figures; primary kagome abstracts and Li publisher passages; inherited scoped B6/C8 evidence; independent correlation and Gaussian-width checks.

- Complete scientific acceptance remains open.
- Complete source-version, raw-data, supplementary calibration and competing-structure reviews remain open.
- Selected abstracts do not establish a unique CDW mechanism, PDW or superconducting chirality.
- Line-shape examples are models, not reanalyses of experimental profiles.

Source: [H_anomalous_normal_state/H4_CDW.md](https://github.com/JackZH26/jzis-superconductivity/blob/0a7c9d6696804ec26aa12f8eed68b55c9b3c0fcf/H_anomalous_normal_state/H4_CDW.md), commit 0a7c9d6696804ec26aa12f8eed68b55c9b3c0fcf, SHA-256 cb5476fe2c7c2dea8b709ea989ffbb124b785c4437edb20dafaac852188af6b4.