Annealing reduces Si3N4 microwave-frequency dielectric loss in superconducting resonators

Abstract

The dielectric loss of silicon nitride (Si3N4) limits the performance of microwave-frequency devices that rely on this material for sensing, signal processing, and quantum communication. Using superconducting resonant circuits, we measure the cryogenic loss tangent of either as-deposited or high-temperature annealed stoichiometric Si3N4 as a function of drive strength and temperature. The internal loss behavior of the electrical resonators is largely consistent with the standard tunneling model of two-level systems (TLSs), including damping caused by resonant energy exchange with TLSs and by the relaxation of nonresonant TLSs. We further supplement the TLS model with a self-heating effect to explain an increase in the loss observed in as-deposited films at large drive powers. Critically, we demonstrate that annealing remedies this anomalous power-induced loss, reduces the relaxation-type damping by more than 2 orders of magnitude, and reduces the resonant-type damping by a factor of 3. Employing infrared absorption spectroscopy, we find that annealing reduces the concentration of hydrogen in Si3N4, suggesting that hydrogen impurities cause substantial dissipation.

Source-reported materials — not catalogue approval

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