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Deconfining the rotational Goldstone mode: The superconducting quantum liquid crystal in (2+1) dimensions

Aron J. Beekman, Kai Wu, Vladimir Cvetkovic, Jan Zaanen

DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.024121 · Physical Review B

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Abstract

The Goldstone theorem states that there should be a massless mode for each spontaneously broken symmetry generator. There is no such rotational mode in crystals; however, superconducting quantum liquid crystals should carry rotational Goldstone modes. By generalization of thermal two-dimensional (2D) defect mediated melting theory into a (2+1)D quantum duality, the emergence of the rotational mode at the quantum phase transition from the solid to the p-atic liquid crystal arises as a deconfinement phenomenon, with the unusual property that the stiffness of the rotational mode originates entirely in the dual dislocation condensate.

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