Effect of the Coupling to a Superconductor on the Level Statistics of a Metal Grain in a Magnetic Field
K. M. Frahm, P. W. Brouwer, J. A. Melsen, C. W. J. Beenakker
DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.2981 · Physical Review Letters
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Abstract
A theory is presented for the statistics of the excitation spectrum of a disordered metal grain in contact with a superconductor. A magnetic field is applied to fully break time-reversal symmetry in the grain. Still, an excitation gap of the order of δ opens up provided Nγ2≳1. Here δ is the mean level spacing in the grain, γ the tunnel probability through the contact with the superconductor, and N the number of transverse modes in the contact region. This provides a microscopic justification for the new random-matrix ensemble of Altland and Zirnbauer.
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